Stress relaxation has traditionally been employed as one of the principal means for measuring the viscoelastic behavior of foods. The objective of this study was to determine the texture profile analysis and stress relaxation characteristics of carrot sponge cake formulated with four different levels of guar gum (0, 0. 25, 0. 5 and 0. 75 %). Texture profile analysis results showed a decrease in the carrot cake consistency, gumminess and chewiness with increasing the level of gum. The consistency and hardness values decreased from 4773. 11 to 2260. 60 g. s and 915. 45 to 458. 54 g with increasing guar gum levels from 0 to 0. 75 %, respectively. The results showed that mechanical stress relaxation data of carrot sponge cakes were fitted well by both the Peleg-Normand and four-element Maxwell models. The F0 (initial force) and %SR (percentage stress relaxation) parameter of carrot sponge cakes decreased with increasing gum concentration (P<0. 05). Although all decay forces (F1, F2, F3 and F4) of the carrot sponge cakes obviously decreased with increasing guar gum concentration. The elasticity of the carrot sponge cakes was the highest at 0. 75% guar gum concentration.

Yogurt, a widely consumed fermented milk product, is known for its health benefits attributed to the presence of probiotic bacteria. This study explores the impact of starter cultures on the texture and microbiological quality of yogurt. The production involved two types of starter cultures: a commercial culture and an heirloom culture. Various parameters, including chemical analysis of raw milk, yogurt production steps, texture parameter analysis, syneresis, water holding capacity, and microbial analysis, were examined. Statistical analysis was performed to indicate the effect of the type of culture on the production of yogurt. Results indicated that the physicochemical analysis of raw cow milk revealed parameters within recommended quality standards. Significant differences in hardness, gumminess, chewiness, resilience, and syneresis between commercial and heirloom yogurts were found. Microbiological analysis demonstrated higher Lactic acid bacteria counts in commercial yogurt compared to heirloom yogurt.   The study provides insights into the influence of starter cultures on textural and microbiological characteristics, emphasizing the importance of standardized production methods for consistent yogurt quality.

The city's regeneration is one of the strategies that lead to urban deterioration and inefficient textures towards revitalization. Using systems thinking on the subject of reinvention can lead to the identification of complex systems that are considered effective in producing and reproducing worn-out textures. In this regard, this study was to benefit from a systemic approach in identifying the the roots of the production and reproduction of historical/worn-out textures in Semnan city. The leading research is among the applied research, and in terms of information and data analysis, it uses the descriptive-analytical method. The tool for collecting information is also in documents and surveys. The statistical population of the research was 18 university professors, experts, and officials familiar with the urban fabric of Semnan, who were selected by the snowball method. In the end, using experts' opinions, 24 variables were selected as effective drivers of Semnan's production-reproduction system of worn tissue. MicMac software was used for structural-interpretive analysis of variables. The results show that the rules and regulations governing the regeneration of the studied area are the most important and effective factors. Also, the special ownership conditions governing barren, ruined, and ruined lands have caused the private sector to have no incentive to invest in this area and reproduce the existing conditions. With the continuation of the current process, the existing situation is reproduced. Breaking this round of the reproduction process requires a constructive look at the target neighborhoods from the city administration and government agencies, which can provide the basis for the presence of private sector investors in these neighborhoods

The current investigation was conducted to study the effect of Persian gum (PG) and microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) on textural characteristics of ultrafiltrated semi-fat white cheese during 60 days of cold storage. In order to produce semi-fat cheeses, PG was used at three levels of 0, 0.25, and 0.5% and MTGase enzyme at three levels of 0, 0.5 and 1 unit (U) per gram of protein. Cheese samples without any treatment were considered as control samples. The findings of this study revealed that addition of PG, opposite to MTGase, caused a significant reduction of the cheese pH values ​​(p < 0.05). During the storage period, the pH values ​​of all cheese samples decreased, but statistically there was a significant difference only between the first and 30th days of storage. During the storage period, the addition of PG led to a decrease in the amount of hydration of the samples until the 30th day of storage, but then the amount of hydration of the samples increased until the end of the 60th day. The results obtained from the analysis of the texture characteristics revealed that MTGase treatment up to 0.5 U decreased the firmness, gumminess, springiness and chewability and increased the adhesiveness of the cheese samples, but using a higher amount of the enzyme (1 U) caused a significant contrary change in the mentioned trend (p>0.001). Also, the addition of PG decreased the firmness, cohesiveness, gumminess, springiness and chewability and increased the adhesiveness of the cheese samples (p < 0.001). In general, with the passage of time during the cold storage, all the textural parameters, except adhesiveness, decreased significantly. The results of this research showed that it is possible to produce cheese with good quality by using the levels of 0.25 to 0.5% PG and 0.5 units of MTGase.

In this study, the effect of substitution date concentrate and stevioside sweetener on qualitative properties of sponge cake was evaluated. The objective of this research work was preparing cake with fewer calories and minimum quality loss. In this research, the effect of compounds of date concentrate and stevioside sweetener separately and combined in 15 different formula and at levels of 25, 50, 75 and 100% (by weight sugar) on various properties cakes were tested. The results showed that stevioside cakes, compared to control samples and date concentrate cakes, had more moisture and lower color, height and sensory scores. Also, The results of the texture profile analysis indicated that increased levels stevioside causing significant changes in some parameters of texture instrumental. On the other hand, date concentrate cakes had more color, less altitude, intermediate humidity and higher sensory scores. Texture profile analysis also revealed that compared with stevioside samples, cakes containing date concentrate showed more favorable texture parameters. Furthermore, using of combined formulas of stevioside and date concentrate improved physical properties and sensory cake samples. Finally, after calculating the energy contents of selective and control samples revealed that the selective cakes had less energy content.

In this study, the effect of storage period on some characteristics of synbiotic ultrafiltratedwhite cheese (SC) as compared withtwo non-probiotic (NPC) and probiotic cheese (PC) samples were evaluated. SC with optimized formulation as: 0. 43 microbial transglutaminase enzyme (U/g protein), 8. 24% demineralized whey powder solution (34% T. S. substituted with retentate) and 0. 71% inulin wasproduced. Lactobacillus acidophilus LA5 was used as probiotic bacteria. Cheese samples were evaluated for color indexes, texture profile analysis (hardness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess and chewiness) and total acceptance duringa two-month storage period (3, 15, 30, and 60 days) under refrigeration conditions. Results of texture profile analysis of cheese samples showed that except for springiness, all texture values of SC sample during the storage intervals were significantly (p<0. 05) higher than NPC-and PC-control cheeses. Although SC sample had the higher springiness than other cheeses, it was not significant (p>0. 05). The hardness, gumminess and chewiness values of the all cheeses until 30 days of storage were increased and thereafter decreased significantly (p<0. 01). In terms of color indexes, SC samples had the higher L* values than other cheeses but no difference in relation to a* and b* parameters were determined. decreasing trend and a decreasing and increasing trend respectively. Furthermore, during the storage period, L* value of all cheese treatments were meaningfully (p<0. 05) decreased. Based on the results of evaluatedparameters, SC sample had a higher cheese quality than two control cheeses after two months of coldstorage.

Introduction: At the global level, there are significant changes in attitudes toward hazards, so that the dominant view has shifted from focusing solely on reducing vulnerability to increased resilience to disasters. Mashhad like many of the Iran's cities is in a high potential risk. Active and powerful faults in the vicinity of the city testify to the high risk of earthquakes in Mashhad. Moreover, there are seventeen rivers in and around the city of Mashhad that increases the risk of flooding in this city. Overall, the city is in a high-risk in upstream plans from a natural hazard perspective and the existence of 6688 hectares of inefficient texture (worn-out and marginal) in the city has added to its vulnerability. Although some predictive tools are effective in reducing the impact of crises, but based on evidence, future risks cannot be predicted; so it is necessary to know the resilience of city neighborhoods to avoid vulnerabilities. Resilience, however, is not a feature that is evenly distributed across different parts of the city, and it can be said that inefficient urban textures are less resilient than other parts of the city, largely due to their distinct social and physical characteristics. In addition to severe burnout and poor quality of buildings, low levels of social and demographic characteristics such as literacy, education, and employment that are effective in restoring urban neighborhoods, after a crisis lead to increased vulnerability to natural hazards. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the spatial resilience pattern in inefficient (worn-out and marginal) textures of Mashhad. Study Area: Mashhad is the capital of Khorasan Razavi province and situated in the northeast of Iran. This city is located at a longitude of 59 degrees and 2 minutes to 60 degrees and 38 minutes and a latitude of 35 degrees and 43 minutes to 37 degrees and 7 minutes between the Binaloud and Hezarmasjed Mountains. It is placed in a high-risk natural hazard zone. Mashhad has thirteen districts and 3057679 population. Of the 154 neighborhoods in Mashhad, all or part of 42 neighborhoods are inefficient. In general, about 6688 hectares of Mashhad are composed of inadequate (worn out and marginal) texture. Material and Methods: The present study was conducted with descriptive-analytical and practical methods. The indicators were extracted through library studies. Eventually, by using the opinion of experts in the framework of the Delphi method, required data were collected. Furthermore, some data were Extracted from Mashhad Master Plan (Farnahad, 2006), Statistical Yearbook of Mashhad (2016), and Road, Housing and Urban Development Research Center (2014), these indices are divided into social and social-physical divisions. Social indices only reflect social and demographic characteristics and socio-physical indices emphasize the physical characteristics and shape of neighborhoods in addition to demographic characteristics. The population consisted of 42 neighborhoods with inefficient texture in Mashhad. At first, using the MOORA technique, the social and socio-physical resilience of the inefficient neighborhoods was investigated. Then, the relationship between the distribution of resilience and social indicators using ArcGIS software was determined. In order to analyze the resiliency pattern, spatial self-dependency technique was used. There are different models for measuring spatial self-dependency statistics, among which the Global Moran Model and the statistics have been used. Finally, in order to evaluate the accuracy and importance of geographic weight regression, the output of this model was evaluated. Results and Discussion: In order to calculate the resilience of each neighborhood, all data for each criterion were first standardized and evaluated using the MOORA technique. The findings show that the neighborhoods of Panjtan Al Abba, Shahid Avini, Hosseinabad, Ayatollah Khamenei, Valiasr and Abobargh have low social resilience, Imam Hadi neighborhood, Ivan, Torq, Mustafa Khomeini, Mohammadabad, Maaghoul, Arvand, Sajadiyyah, Onsory, Rezaei, Paien Khiaban, Dahdey, Amel, Sisabad and Bilal, have middle social resilience and the other are in the up social resilience of this category. Studding the social and socio-physical resilient spatial pattern of inefficient textures areas of Mashhad has been done by using the Global Moran method and general G statistics. Results show that the distribution pattern of these neighborhoods is clustering based on social resilience variables and is random based on socio-physical variables. In fact, there is statistically significant meaning in the social resilience of inefficient textures in Mashhad, On the other hand, this pattern does not exist in the socio-physical resilience. According to the Geographic weight regression, the variables of percentage of employed population, literacy rate and education level have an increasing effect on the level of social resilience of these neighborhoods, while the sponsorship rate and the mean age have a decreasing effect. Conclusion: Much of Iran's urban area is suffering from burnout and inefficiency, causing the country's capital to face the dangers of natural disasters. A review of the theoretical foundations and global experience shows that indices of identification of inefficient textures have moved from purely physical to social and economic dimensions. A review of the past researches about the resilience of urban inefficient textures showed that most studies like the research ahead, emphasize the impact of education indices and the percentage of the employed population on social resilience of societies, given that these indices are subject to socioeconomic conditions, this conclusion is justified. Studying the spatial pattern of socio-physical resilience in inefficient neighborhoods of Mashhad shows that the distribution pattern of these neighborhoods is clustered based on social resilience variables and randomly based on socio-physical resilience variables. In fact, there is a statistically significant pattern of spatial autocorrelation in the social resilience of Mashhad's inefficient textures, while this pattern does not exist in their socio-physical resilience. Since some of the inefficient textures of the city are being revived, it is not unexpected to compare these two patterns in the neighborhoods studied. More precisely, the inefficient textures revitalization in Mashhad has been occurred according to economic and managerial conditions of the neighborhoods, which has led to improvement of physical conditions and subsequently the improvement of the physical resilience while the social aspects of these neighborhoods have been neglected. In fact, the social aspects of development have been neglected in the development of dysfunctional textures. However, recognizing the social characteristics of each neighborhood as the smallest social unit of urban planning is particularly important in order to achieve sustainable development. The results of this study indicate that the inefficient neighborhoods in the city center and in the northern marginal areas of the city have a significant role in creating cluster patterns. In this regard, in order to increase the effectiveness of interventions, attention to the effectiveness of each of the variables in the targeting structure of interventions in this sector is necessary because the way these variables influence in different locations is different, and this should be considered in planning for inefficient textures regeneration. Overall, according to the findings of this study, it can be said that in the development of inefficient textures, paying attention to the social and demographic characteristics of each textures is important in promoting the quality of life of residents and the sustainable development of neighborhood. Moreover, it is necessary to pay attention to the differences in the strategies adopted with respect to the worn out and marginal textures. Because worn out and marginal textures each have unique and distinctive social, economic and physical characteristics, so attention and focus on these features are very important in their development process. This can partly indicate the type of intervention and its extent in the textures and guide the experts in selecting the type of intervention. In this regard, the following measures are suggested to increase the resilience of inefficient urban textures in the face of natural hazards: 1. Revising and changing management practices 2. Increasing the economic ability of people to improve their quality of life 3. Providing community decision-making and local partnerships in neighborhood improvement 4. Applying scientific methods and mathematical logic in identifying effective indicators and the degree of impact of indicators and prioritizing neighborhoods